Preheat the oven to 375°F. Lightly spray an 8.5 x 4.5-inch loaf pan (or 9x5-inch) with baking spray and line with parchment paper, leaving an overhang on the sides for easy removal.
Begin by making the streusel. In a small bowl, combine the flour, brown sugar, granulated sugar, lemon zest, and a pinch of salt. Stir in the melted butter until crumbly. Refrigerate while preparing the batter.
In the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment (or using a hand mixer), combine the sugar and lemon zest. Rub together with your fingers to release the lemon oils. Add the room temperature butter and beat on medium-high speed until light and fluffy, about 2–3 minutes.
Mix in the eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition. Scrape down the sides and bottom of the bowl as needed.
In a separate bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt.
In a small bowl or measuring cup, whisk together the milk, sour cream, lemon juice, and vanilla.
Add the dry ingredients in three additions, alternating with the wet ingredients, beginning and ending with the dry. Mix on low speed just until incorporated after each addition, scraping down the sides and bottom of the bowl as you go to ensure everything is evenly combined.
Toss the blueberries with 1 tablespoon of flour to coat. Spread one-third of the batter into the prepared pan. Sprinkle with one-third of the blueberries. Repeat with another third of the batter and blueberries. Top with the remaining batter and blueberries, then crumble the chilled streusel evenly over the top.
Bake at 375°F for the first 15 minutes. Without opening the oven, reduce the temperature to 350°F and continue baking for 40–45 minutes, or until golden brown and a toothpick inserted into the center comes out with a few moist crumbs.
Let the cake cool in the pan for 30 minutes, then use the parchment overhang to lift it out onto a wire rack to cool completely.